FOND DU LAC, WI., June 15, 2006 – Twin  consumer performance engines coupled to dry-sump Mercury Racing Six drives powered Team CRC, a 39-foot MTI catamaran hull piloted by driver/owner Mike DeFrees of Vancouver, Wash., with veteran throttleman Jeff Harris of Greenville, N.C., on the sticks, to a win in the OSS Cat Extreme competition at the OSS Winston Offshore Cup, Sunday, June 11, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The race was round three of the 2006 Offshore Super Series (OSS) season national points chase.

Team CRC and Budweiser Select, another MTI hull powered by twin 1,500 hp Sterling race engines with world champion throttleman John Tomlinson on the sticks and team owner David Scott behind the wheel, had an intense duel in the first two laps. Team CRC closed the window coming out of turn three at the start of lap three. Team CRC pulled away from Budweiser Select and never looked back to capture the checkered flag. Budweiser Select and Cintron rounded out 2-3. Team CRC now leads the OSSCX national points chase with 290 points, followed by Budweiser Select and Cintron with 286 and 282 points, respectively. Team CRC owner/drive Mike Defrees was ecstatic with the win and the performance of the 1075 SCi consumer engines.

“The 1075 SCis ran flawlessly,” said DeFrees. “They are amazing. We have two poker runs and three races on them – plus tons of test time. They just continue to purr like kittens – they haven’t missed a beat.”

“We haven’t had to touch them,” added DeFrees. “Our competitors are rebuilding engines every race. I think they are curious to know how we can continue to run as well as we have with consumer engines – particularly against purpose-built race engines that have a 400 horsepower advantage.“

“This was a tough race – which required a lot of set-up. Prop selection, boat set-up and balance were critical. Jeff’s throttling skills were invaluable here. I’ve never seen him work as hard as he did in the rough open water that we had here,” said DeFrees. 

OSS Cat
Billy Mauff and Jay Muller extended their OSS Cat national points lead by winning their second consecutive OSS Cat competition aboard WHM Motorsports, a 40-foot Skater catamaran powered by twin Mercury Racing OSS Cat race engines coupled to Mercury Racing dry-sump Six drives. WHM led the race from start to finish. Reliable Carriers, a Sterling-powered MTI catamaran piloted by Tom Abrams and Steve Curtis, placed second. WarPaint rounded out third. WHM has a total of 295 national points and has accumulated bonus points for completing three consecutive races without an engine rebuild. Reliable is second with a total of 286 points. JB Byrider rounds out third in the OSS Cat points chase with 186 points.

OSS Cat Lite
Twin Mercury Racing HP525 EFI engine packages coupled with dry-sump Six drives-powered Motley Crew, piloted by Scott and Ron Roman, to its third win of the season. The win showed the Crew can dominate in rough water like it did in the calm waters of the previous races. The Roman brothers were way ahead throughout the race, followed by Hooters in second and Reliable Carriers in third. Reliable and Lightning Jacks were both penalized – moving Popeye’s into third. Reliable and Lightning Jacks rounded out in fourth and fifth place. All were powered by twin Mercury Racing 525 EFI engine packages.

OSS Vee
Wazzup, a Fountain hull piloted by the father-and-son team of Ed and Anthony Smith, continued its winning streak claiming their third consecutive race after leading the field start-to-finish in OSS Cat Lite competition. Fury was on their heels for most of the race, but a mechanical failure forced it out of the race on lap seven. Miccosukee Indian Gaming finished second, with Black Pearl rounding out third. Miccosukee was accessed a three-minute penalty as its propeller was found to be illegal during inspection. The penalty placed Black Pearl in second and Miccosukee third. Fury and Bad Boy Powerboats/God Speed rounded out fourth and fifth place. All were powered by twin Mercury Racing 525 EFI engine packages.

OSS Vee Lite
Laveycraft pilots Brian Devlin and Kevin Cooper won their first OSS Vee Lite race of the season. Wild Ride, WHM MINI Me, Senor Frog and Screamin’ Eagle rounded out second through fifth place. All were powered by twin Mercury Racing 525 EFI engine packages.

OSS Cat Outboard
Twin Mercury Racing 2.5 EFI Race Offshore outboards powered Medella Light to win its first OSS Cat Outboard race this year. Mapel, Loan Shark Mojo and American Dream Home Builders rounded out second through fifth place. All were powered by twin Mercury Racing 2.5 EFI Race Offshore outboards.

Mercury Racing supports OSS with a $150,000 contingency prize purse for the 2006 racing season. The purse rewards racers who use Mercury Racing-approved outboards and sterndrives in OSS National Series events in OSS Cat Lite, OSS Vee, OSS Vee Lite and OSS Cat Outboard class competition. OSS Cat class competitors using Mercury Racing-approved OSS Cat engine packages will be rewarded a separate Mercury Racing Winners Circle promotional credit program. 

27/08/2008  http://boatstuff.info

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“Race relations and Law Enforcement in the United States of America”

By

Osasumwen Osaghae

January, 2009

Abstract

The spate of deadly shootings by the police in the process of apprehending suspects has led many commentators to suggest a racial undercurrent in the attitude of the police officers. In fact, there is the racial current in law enforcement attitudes when it comes to minorities like blacks and Latinos. There are different aspects of the racial current discuss. First, there is the white officer versus black victim scenario; black officer versus white victim scenario; black officer versus black victim scenario and black officer versus white victim scenario, (Peruche & Plant, 2006). It has been suggested citing the danger perception theory that the police are more likely to use deadly force in areas or situations where they encounter greater levels of violence or perceive their jobs to be particularly dangerous, (Best & Quigley, 2003). The place of racial sentiments in police deadly shootings is not entirely clear as there are competing theories seeking to explain police deadly shootings. There is the perceived danger perspective which attributes police shootings to the threat posed by the suspect sought to be apprehended. Even so, a study found that preconceived notions of violence associated with certain races plays a significant role in how the police officers react to threats posed by suspects, (Alpert 2007). Not all the theories share the sentiments of the minorities in the attitude of the police in apprehending black suspects. There are those who support the law enforcement community arguing that minorities should be profiled as criminals or as potential criminals because they are more likely to commit crimes. Profiling and stopping individuals for investigative procedures was therefore thought to be a rational response to the drug and crime problem among some law enforcement officers, notwithstanding the obvious ecological fallacy of targeting individuals based on group behavior, (Alpert 2007). The major question is to what extent does race impact the way law enforcement officers deal with black suspects in relation to how white suspects are treated?

The writer contends that race may be a factor in the attitude of the police in apprehending black suspects. But it is only relevant to the extent that blacks are associated with more aggression and violence than other ethnic groups. It is the fact of the association more than the race itself that triggers more aggressive policing strategies in typically black neighborhoods.

Introduction

There is a growing concern that police officers may be more aggressive in their responses to minority compared to White suspects, (Peruche & Plant). Such responses may be influenced by stereotypic expectations. For example, it is possible that the stereotype that Black men are more likely to be violent and hostile may create expectations that Black people, particularly Black men, are more likely to be violent criminals than are. This may have led to a series of deadly police shootings which will be reviewed in this paper

Culture appears to have an impact on interpersonal relationships in the society. If there is racial prejudice in a given society, the police force where dominated by the oppressive race as in white race in relation to the oppressed race (black) cannot be free from such prejudice. Consequently, a corrupt society would produce a corrupt police force even though; a different picture may be painted. The definition of culture by Linton (1945) supports the argument that police force can only be as good as the society it operates. For him, the culture of society is the way of life of its members; the collection of ideas and habits which they learn, share and transmit from generation to generation. There is another aspect of culture that is relevant to racial prejudice in policing, cultural sensitivity on the part of the police officers. Given the multi-ethnic constitution of most societies in the United States of America today, it is very possible that a police may find himself among a people, whose culture he knows little or nothing about. It is imperative therefore that police officers be trained in cultural diversity and sensitivity from time to time. In this respect, is aggression violence? Being loud or always defensive may be annoying to a law enforcement officer. But is it enough to provoke a forceful apprehension to the extent of fatally shooting a suspect?

The paper will review several incidents of deadly police shootings with a view to identifying a pattern if any and the place of race in the actions of the police officers in the shooting incidents. The crux of the matter appears to be attributing primacy to race as a determinant of police reactions or reactions to perceived danger with race as a concomitant variable in the police officers’ reactions. Among others, the paper will review the Amadou Diallo case in New York, Kathryn Jones in Atlanta and Jason Gomez in Denver.

Amadou Diallo

Amadou Diallo, an unarmed West African immigrant with no criminal record, was 22 years old when he was killed on Feb. 5, 1999, by four New York City police officers. The officers — Kenneth Boss, Sean Carroll, Edward McMellon and Richard Murphy — acknowledged firing 41 shots that night, but said they thought that Mr. Diallo was carrying a gun. Mr. Diallo, who came to America more than two years before from Guinea and worked as a street peddler in Manhattan, was hit by 19 bullets while standing in the doorway of his Bronx apartment building. The case set off massive protests across the city, and became a flashpoint for heightened frictions between minority leaders and the administration of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani. All four officers, who were in plainclothes, said they approached Mr. Diallo because they thought he fit the description of a man wanted in a rape case. They contended that when he pulled out his wallet to show identification they mistook it for a gun.

Kathryn Johnston

Members of a Georgia narcotics investigation team shot and killed 92-year-old Kathryn Johnston during a drug raid in her Atlanta home November 21, 2006.

A search warrant stating crack cocaine was being sold in her apartment allowed the officers to cut through the burglar bars protecting Johnston’s home and burst through her door without identifying themselves.

Johnston, who lived alone, apparently mistook the plainclothes officers for intruders and, according to the prosecutor trying the officers, fired one shot through the door and hit nothing. The police responded, firing 39 shots, killing Johnston and apparently wounding three of their own. Jason Gomez On December 19, Denver police officer Timothy Campbell was standing in the middle of the street in a west Denver neighborhood, his gun pointed at a man. The patrolman had been driving north on Irving Street when he’d passed a 1997 Saturn that seemed suspicious. When Campbell made a U-turn, the Saturn quickly sped down a side street and pulled into a driveway. As the officer drove up, a man — he looked to be in his early thirties, Hispanic, wearing a light, baggy jacket — jumped out of the car and ran. Campbell followed him on foot, through back yards and over fences. The man reached the 3200 block of West Ada Place, where he slipped on a patch of ice. He got up and continued down the street, falling twice more. By now Campbell had closed the gap, and when the man got up again, the two were facing each other, less than ten feet apart. Campbell had his service pistol drawn: a .45-caliber semi-automatic Glock. The man reached into his pants pocket, put his hand behind his back, and then started moving his hand forward. Campbell saw the glint of something metallic. He fired two rounds, paused, and then fired four more. The man fell onto a pile of dirty snow.

The Place of Race in Law Enforcement

For some inexplicable reasons or strange coincidence, it is the blacks and the Hispanics that are always caught committing some crimes, (Ruth & Reitz, 2003, P. 32). This is not to suggest that there is no merit in the claim of disproportionate prosecution for crimes involving certain races and ethnic groupings. The point is that, the races and ethnic groups involved tend to have an unusual criminal propensity. Some have argued that the way the society is structured economically places the concerned races and ethnic groups at a disadvantage. This may be a valid argument. It is also true that the African-Americans have a higher criminal propensity than any other single group in the United States of America. At this point, there cannot be any legal justification for resorting to crime and the reasons are obvious. A lot of African Americans suggest that survival is the sole reason for indulging in crime. For precisely the same reason, other persons are pursuing legitimate enterprises in a bid to survive. It is not strange that school drop outs are highest among the African Americans. It follows that if the basis is weak, the superstructure will as of necessity follow suit. There are many factors impacting the criminal propensity of African Americans. For example, the presence of several liquor stores in typically black populations is perceived as deliberate as it facilitates violent behavior and increases incidents of grievous bodily harm and homicide.

Winter (1980) contended citing other authors and quite rightly in my view that police shooting is the greatest triggering mechanism for racial violence in this United States of America today. Making the case for the racial content in police shootings, the writer noted that studies have shown that the ratio of black victims to white victims of police shootings is as high as 30-to-1 in Milwaukee and in Chicago which has the highest rate of civilian deaths, the ratio is 6-to-1. According to the writer, the solution may be in changing the attitude of the police officers themselves. Some of the officers think that controlling their power of deadly force is handcuffing them. The problem with this way of thinking is that they appear to want uncontrolled power in dealing with blacks as opposed to whites. What is probably required is a re-orientation and some form diversity tolerance training with the hope that the police officers would use deadly force less frequently on black people

Apart from the case of Kathryn Johnston, the other victims of the deadly police shooting reviewed in this paper were unarmed and curiously ethnic minorities. The reviewed cases and others like them have given rise to negative sentiments on the part of the ethnic minorities, to wit the blacks and Latinos. There has been the attitude that Police hate blacks. The sentiment is predicated on a vast history of large and small events that African Americans face from police attitudes and actions. According to this school of thought, (Brunson, 2007), blacks do not only draw from their own experiences, but also from a consistent pattern of events they are exposed to in their communities. This perception that the police do not like black people is not helped by the aggressive policing strategies employed by the police in disadvantaged African American neighborhoods, (the hood, ghetto etc). Indirect experiences have the potential to amplify or validate individuals’ interpretations of personal experiences and merit in-depth examination Based on research finding on attitudes of African Americans towards the police, there is the contention that citizens’ distrust is more widespread among African Americans than among white folks. Brunson examines in-depth interviews of 40 African-American adolescent males who resided in a disadvantaged urban neighborhood in St. Louis to better understand their experiences with the police. A major focus of the study was to develop a “detailed understanding” of how these African-American adolescent males interpret their interactions with the police, as well as the interactions of family members, friends, and neighbors, and to assess how these experiences shape their perceptions of the police. The findings suggest that either direct or indirect mistreatment by the police led to negative evaluations by the participants. A lot of the distrust emanates from media reporting of police handling of African American cases. The cases are sensationally reported highlighting the racial contents over and above the dynamics leading to the shootings as in perceived threats and dangers encountered by the police officers involved. The case of Kathryn Johnston, the 92 year old woman shot in Atlanta by the police. She had shot into the ceiling before the officers opened fire. This is not an attempt to defend the actions of the police officers. But when a gun is fired, can it reasonably said that one would not feel endangered so as to provoke a certain reaction such as to shoot with two purposes in mind: self defense and apprehension of the suspect who is armed and dangerous? Given the background of the case which was supposed to be a drug bust, should the officers have left their guards down? I think not. There is some reason in the contention that some neighborhoods are more dangerous than others. Where a neighborhood is notorious for criminal propensity, violence and drug trafficking, the policing strategies cannot be any thing but aggressive. The various cases highlighted above only served to increase citizens’ distrust of the police among blacks in the communities where the fatalities happened. Brunson (2007) recommended that a consideration should be given to the cumulative properties of police/citizen interactions in order to fully comprehend the nature of conflicts between minority communities and police.

The Brunson view is supported by a later article titled Either they don’t know or they don’t care: black males and negative police experiences by Stewart (2007). In addition, he identified race as one of the most salient predictors of perceptions and attitudes towards the police and may be a function of neighborhood context. Owing to social limitations, imagined or real, many residents of structurally disadvantaged neighborhoods feel estranged from formal institutions; they may lack the social and/or political capital to engage law enforcement in order to address various problems within their neighborhood. Often, the police may view these structurally depressed neighborhoods as crime-prone ecological units.

Some instances of police shootings tend to be indefensible. While people are prepared to accept a single officer may resort to deadly shooting based on his judgment, the people resent the use of deadly force by multiple officers involved in the shooting. This suggestion is validated by the outcry which followed the shooting of a 92 year old woman (Kathryn Johnston) in Atlanta by more than four officers under the guise of the belief that the woman was a drug trafficker. What made it worse was the discovery later that there was an attempt to cover up the events leading up to the shooting of the black woman. Curiously enough, it was another racially tainted police fatality. The position of the police officers is that they need to defend themselves against perceived dangers from the suspects and that any attempt to control their use of deadly force is a way of handcuffing them and making them defenseless. For the citizens, particularly the black population, the use of deadly force is not justifiable in most circumstances and is viewed as excessive in most cases. In the article under reference, two separate studies were conducted to investigate perceptions of Police use or misuse of deadly force. The first study found that as number of officers decreased and number of shots increased, perceptions of misuse of force were augmented. Number of shots per officer significantly predicted perceptions of misuse of force.  The second study showed a significant interaction between number of officers, number of shots fired, and social dominance orientation. This personality variable was an especially strong predictor of misuse of force in situations involving the largest number of shots fired per officer. This finding is in consonance with the racial element inherent the deadly shootings of the police. One way of testing the validity of the racial sentiment would have been to examine the rate of deadly shootings among black police officers and to see who were shot in terms of racial composition, (Perkins & Bourgeois, 2006).

The issue of police shootings took a different dimension with the suggestion that particular races are being targeted for such fatal assaults. Unfortunately, several studies seem to support the racial undertone in the shootings, according to Tennebaum (1994). Prior to the Garner case, police shooting was governed by one of four legal excuses for shooting a suspect. They are The Any-Felony Rule; the Defense-of Life Rule; The Model Penal Code; The Forcible Felony Rule. The any felony rule excused a police officer who shot at a suspect getting away running away after committing a felony. The problem with virtually all of the four rules was them they called for a judgment on the part of the officer even before the suspect has a day in court. In the Garner case, Garner brought an action against the police officer and the police department for fatally shooting his son while leaving the scene of a burglary. The suspect was unarmed. The court ruled that such shooting may not be used unless it is to prevent the escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others. 

There is a variant of deadly police shooting which cannot be blamed on the police because it is induced by the victims themselves. Victim induced shooting has been defined in several ways and Mckenzie considered some of the definitions describing them as confusing: killing in which the victim is the precipitator of the killing, incidents in which people bent on self destruction engage in life threatening and criminal activities to force the police to shoot them. All the definitions considered indicate a conscious act on the part of the victim. But the writer points out that not all shooting inducing act are conscious.  In this area of police shooting, race does not appear to be a factor.

On the side of the police, it must be stated that there are confusing terminologies in the race discussion. Minorities can be contextual. Blacks may be minorities in the United States of America as a whole. But not so in some communities that are predominantly black. For example, in most metropolitan Atlanta in the state of Georgia, it would be incorrect to refer to blacks as the minority because they are in majority. The fact of the racial composition of the community is significant because of claims of racial profiling. Where three of four citizens are blacks, it follows that blacks are going to form majority of those apprehended by the police in that community. It is quite possible, for example, to have all the people pulled over in a routine police check to be black because not very many whites are present in the community. It would also be possible for the police to be very active and engage in aggressive policing strategies if the people in the black community have a huge criminal propensity. One fact must be stated. Blacks tend to be more violent than other races. Moreover, how reasonable is the allegation of racial bias where the apprehending officers are blacks? It must mean that the association with aggression and violence emanates from the people and not from the police. The perception of black as violent and aggressive people appears to be the same with black police officers as it is with white police officers.

Conclusion

There appears to be statistics to support the accusation of racial bias in the law enforcement procedures involving black people. According to the Federal Household Survey, “most current illicit drug users are white. There were an estimated 9.9 million whites (72 percent of all users), 2.0 million blacks (15 percent), and 1.4 million Hispanics (10 percent) who were current illicit drug users in 1998. “And yet, blacks constitute 36.8% of those arrested for drug violations, over 42% of those in federal prisons for drug violations. African-Americans comprise almost 58% of those in state prisons for drug felonies; Hispanics account for 20.7%, (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Summary Report 1998, cited in Race Law Enforcement & Prison, 2008). The picture painted after reading the above statistics is that more white people commit crimes than blacks, but there are more black people caught for the crimes. It is either that the white criminals are too clever for the law enforcement officers or the law enforcement officers know who the criminals are among white people, but choose not to apprehend them. It is doubtful if the latter is the case.

 In an interview conducted by the writer with Assistant Police in Dekalb, Kennis Harrell on 11/20/2008, the racial profiling assumption was flawed. The Assistant chief does not agree with claim of racial profiling. His argument was that in a predominantly black populated County like Dekalb, it is to be expected that most of the apprehended suspects would reflect the racial composition of the County. He would also not agree that blacks have a higher criminal propensity than whites. It comes down to the same argument that blacks would commit crimes in a black populated community. The same thing goes for the Latino populated areas. This argument when stretched further seems to dispel the racial content in the spate of deadly police shootings. It would appear that each case of deadly police shootings would have to be analyzed on a case by case basis. Consequently, the only theory that would apply generally to all cases would be the “danger perception” theory, (Best & Quigley, 2003). According to this theory, police officers react to the level of danger they imagine they are in. It then appears to be pure coincidence that more ethnic minorities are involved in deadly police shootings. It is definitely an issue deserving of further inquiry as the trend is disturbing. There is much truth in the suggestion made by Stewart (2007) that there should be further inquiry on what the impact of the presence of minorities in the various police departments would have on the minorities’ perception of the law enforcement agencies. Would the minorities in the police force see their kith and kin as more aggressive and more violent than others? The answer appears to be that perceptions would hardly change. The reason is that even in neighborhoods which are predominantly black both in population and in the composition of the police departments, racial profiling (so called) is not absent and feelings of unfairness and police brutality remain strong.

There is the need for African Americans to have a re-orientation; one that emphasizes industry as opposed cutting corners; one that symbolizes hard work and not seeking to reap where they have not sown; a comprehensive program for all round development as opposed to the get rich syndrome and a genuine effort at abandoning ghetto life.

References

Best, D. & Quigley, A. (2003) Shootings By the Police: What Predicts When a Firearms

            Officer in England and Wales will pull the Trigger, Policing and Society, Vol. 13

            No. 4

Brunson, R. K. (2007) “Police Don’t Like Black People”: African American Young

            Men’s Accumulated Police Experiences, Journal of Criminology and Public

            Policy, Vol. 6 No 1 PP 71-102

Harris, M. (1999), Theories of culture in postmodern times. Walnut Greek, CA: AltaMira

            Press.

Linton, R. (Ed.) (1945). Present world conditions in cultural perspective. 

, The science of man in world crisis (pp. 201-21). Columbia University Press

Mckenzie, I. (2006) Forcing the Police to Open Fire:  Cross-Cultural/ International

Examination of Police Involved, Victim-Provoked Shootings, Journal of Crisis

Negotiations, Vol. 6 No. 1

Perkins, J. E. & Bourgeois, M. J. (2006) Perceptions of Police Use of Deadly Force

            Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 36 No. 1

Peruche, M & Plant, E. A. (2006), The Correlates of Law Enforcement Officers’

            Automatic and Controlled Race Based Responses to Criminal Suspects

            Basic and Applied Psychology Vol. 28 No. 2 PP. 193-199

Ruth, R. S. & Reitz, K. R. (2003) The Challenge of crime: Rethinking our response,

            Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press

Stewart, E (2007) Either They Don’t Know or They Don’t Care: Black Males and

            Negative Police Experiences, Journal of Criminology and Public Policy

            Vol. 6 No. 1 PP. 123-130

Tennebaum, A (1994) The Influence of the Garner Decision on Police Use of Deadly

 Force The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology Vol. 85 No. 1

Winter, B (1980)       “Deadly Force” Laws under Fire after Miami American Bar

            Association Journal Vol. 66 Issue 7

http://www.flexyourrights.org/race_law_enforcement_and_prison retrieved on

11/21/2008

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About Author

Osasumwen Osaghae is a doctoral student at Walden University in Public Administartion with a bias for criminal justice. He holds a masters degree of laws (LLM) of the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. He was called to the Nigerian Bar in 1987 after obtaining a bachelor of laws (LLB) of the University of Benin, Benin City, NIgeria in 1986.

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One of the hottest new extreme sports is called adventure racing. Far from being a sport with one set of rules, it features a variety of competitions like an Extreme version of the Olympics. The name tells you all you need to know about the makeup of the sport: it’s all about competing and winning. Whoever crosses the finish line first wins. Be forewarned! The combination of a highly competitive sport matched with the extreme sports makes for an adrenaline rushing experience.

As a touch of information to those of you who are new to the thought of extreme sports: competing in an extreme sport isn’t about having a some kind of death wish or enjoying getting hurt, or even a desire to take crazy and outlandish chances. Extreme sports competition is all about challenging yourself to beat the odds, no matter what. It’s about achieving a level of focus and determination, which results in accomplishments you had previously doubted yourself capable of. Several sports “officially” qualify as adventure racing. We’ll take a look at some of them.

Many of these races can be quite long and involve training as rigorous as marathon or triathlon training and in fact many of the athletes cross-train in other sports. Adventure races often have an element where navigation is a stand-alone event, but even where it’s not it’s still an important component in every event. Navigation is all about your ability to read a topographical map, use a compass, and find a target location before your competitors. Again, this is similar to paddling in that it’s many competitors’ weakest skill.

The next is Hiking or Scrambling which is held on any and every terrain and in any kind of weather. These competitions often start with a run from an easy starting point to and through tricky terrain which requires hiking and scrambling. FYI: scrambling is climbing difficult terrain without ropes and using only your hands for balance. You can’t grab things to pull yourself up. We’ve all paddled a canoe, rowboat, or kayak, but it’s usually across a pool, a gentle lake or a calm bay. Adventure racers paddle in all water and weather conditions. Being good at paddling in all conditions is a huge advantage in adventure racing because for many adventure racers it’s their weakest event.

Many races will include a climbing or rappelling element. This is an important event to practice so you can stay safe and be fast. You need to buy lightweight climbing gear and only bring what is absolutely necessary so you don’t weigh yourself down needlessly.

Most people think that for a mountain bike race you should get rid of the extra weight like the headlight. This is a bad idea in the world of adventure racing because there’s a good chance you’ll be racing at night. A good idea is to employ a powerful lightweight headlamp with high and low settings. Tip: everyone on your team should have the same bike so you can swap parts when necessary, which can be often.

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Night elves were the first creatures in the world of warcraft. They are not a friendly creature. In fact, they have a very difficult time trusting other creatures, especially those who are considered to be a lesser race than them. Overall, night elves are very honorable and good but their use of magic and their preference for the night sometimes causes them to be distrusted by others.

To get a better idea of exactly what the night elves are and what they do, you need to know about the available classes, the starting place/home cities, and the newbie areas.

Racial Abilities

As a night elf, you have an innate ability called shadowmeld. This is an ability that you use before you go into combat. It puts you into stealth mode and lasts until you cancel it or you move. Night Elves also have Quickness which increases their dodge chance by 1% and Wisp Spirit which enables you to turn into a wisp upon death. This gives you a 50% increase in your movement speed while returning to your body. Finally, Night Elves have a natural increased resistance to creatures of nature.

Available Classes

There are five possible classes of night elves. These classes are: druid, hunter, priest, rogue, and warrior.

Druid

Druids are magical creatures who are great healers and keepers of nature. They are able to raise the dead on the battlefield and they can cure those who have been victims of poisoning.

Druids also are able to use the forces of nature against their enemies. This includes being able to summon insects and using the energy in nature. Druids can also shape shift and change themselves into a variety of animals including bears, cats, and sea lions.

Hunter

One of the best attributes of a hunter is the fact that they travel with a pet that helps them inflict damage on the enemy. Hunters are great marksmen from a distance. This allows them to kill from a distance. They are also very good at tracking down enemies and laying traps.

Priest

A Priest can fulfill many roles. They are very powerful characters. They are able to heal injured allies and even resurrect them from the dead. Although they have great healing powers, Priests are also able to cause a great deal of damage to their enemies by using holy light or powers of shadow.

Rogue

Rogues are great at hiding and moving in the shadows so that they can move around unseen. Because of this ability, Rogues are great assassins. They are able to attack without being seen beforehand and they are able to leave the scene of a battle without being noticed. Rogues are also capable of poisoning, opening locks, and disarming traps.

Warrior

Warriors are very strong and powerful. They gain strength from their anger. They are equally great at attacking and defending. They are built to battle multiple enemies at one time because they gain strength with every blow they deal and that they take.

Starting Place

Night elves come from the city of darnassus. Darnassus is located in teldrassil. Teldrassil is unique because it is a large island. Darnassus is a beautiful city that is built around a series of lakes. The city is perfect for the night elves because it is filled with nature. Darnassus is ruled by the high priestess tyrande whisperwind.

Newbie Areas

When you first become a night elf, you will have the opportunity to become a stronger player by first going through the newbie areas. These are areas that have low level creatures and low level quests. The newbie area will allow your night elf to gain valuable experience.

World of Warcraft has these training grounds so that you can learn how to play a new class and race without facing real danger. Once you grow up in levels you will want to leave darnassus and head to darkshore for some greater challenges and quests.

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In the East Bay region of San Francisco , is a suburb called Antioch . Though it is over fifty miles drive northeast of San Francisco, Antioch has become a hugely popular “bedroom community” for those working in San Francisco and Oakland. Until the real estate crisis in 2007, the soaring price of real estate forced would-be homeowners further and further from the place of their jobs. Though Antioch is one of the oldest cities in all of California , it is only recently that its population has begun to soar as one of the few places anywhere near San Francisco where the real estate is still affordable to the working class. Many suburbs closer in have become white-collar refuges that are terribly expensive, but if one can deal with a commute that is perhaps an hour or more, Antioch makes owning a home still a possibility.

This combination of factors have led to a more blue-collar demographic in Antioch and contributed to the popularity of the Antioch Speedway. Hailed (by itself) as “ California ’s Action Track” this speedway offers up races every Saturday night in the summer for $12 a person, or $30 for a whole family. Occasional championship races bring the price up to $16 and $42 respectively, but they only happen once or twice a season. Patrons can watch Wingless Sprints, Super Stocks, Limited Late Models, Dwarf Cars, and Mini Trucks battle it out in races (each a separate category of vehicle with their own set of in-depth rules for vehicle specifications involving everything from acceptable brand names for spark plugs to the type of tires). On a summer Saturday night, throughout the city of Antioch can be heard the roar of revving engines and the cheer of excited patrons.

The track is a quarter of a mile oval (about 400 meters ) with a semi-bank. It’s made of clay, which behaves like a dirt track, but is a little more resilient to wear and tear. As a dirt track, it is limited to certain kinds of events and vehicles and can’t host other events, which can only occur on paved raceways. But the patrons don’t seem to mind, as the track always brings out a cheering crowd each Saturday, not just from Antioch , but many surrounding suburb cities to watch the racers compete. The speedway opens in mid to late March and runs until mid to late October. Antioch summer nights are anywhere from mild to uncomfortably hot, so there would be no need for dressing warmly. The track opens at five, and the races start at six. Patrons can grab dinner at a number of local restaurants near the fairgrounds area in Antioch featuring everything from three-star dining to fast food and from Mexican to sushi, or they can avail themselves of the concession stand at the track which serves a number of Americana confections like hamburgers and hot dogs as well as wine coolers and beer. As a premier site to visit in Antioch , it offers much of the local flavor and is demonstrative of the culture of suburban Americana past the track homes and high-class hills.

For more information on Antioch, visit http://www.antiochmicroblog.com and http://www.concordmicroblog.com.

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